The New England Journal of Medicine features a review of systolic heart failure beginning with a case vignette and followed by a discussion of:
• The clinical problem
• Diagnosis
• Pharmacological therapy (diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate)
• Organization of care
• Lifestyle and exercise
• Devices (implantable cardioverter–defibrillators and cardiac-resynchronisation therapy)
• Surgery
• Areas of uncertainty
• Guidelines
• Recommendations on the case