The authors of this review article provide an overview of published evidence to help clinicians assess, manage, and minimise pain in children presenting to hospital.  The following questions are addressed:

• How is acute pain best assessed in children?
• What is the role of non-pharmacological methods in paediatric pain relief?
• What is the best initial choice of analgesic drug?
• How can procedures be carried out without causing further pain?
• Which topical anaesthetics are available for cannulation and venepuncture?
• What are the topical, local, or regional anaesthesia options for wounds and injuries?
• Does procedural sedation have a role in painful emergency procedures in children?