This Topic Review covers the management of aphthous ulcers. These are also known as aphthous stomatitis, aphthae, or canker sores. The target audience for this Topic Review is healthcare professionals working within the NHS in England, and providing first contact or primary health care. Medications discussed include chlorhexidine mouthwash, topical corticosteroids (triamcinolone or hydrocortisone) and local analgesia (benzydamine mouthwash or spray).